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Every January 5, the magic of the Three Wise Men illuminates the night with traditions that transcend centuries and cultures. From their mention in ancient Christian texts to modern holidays, these mysterious visitors from the East have captured hearts with their message of generosity and hope. They represent a deep-rooted tradition that combines history, faith and celebration, especially significant in Spanish-speaking countries. In this article we will explore the origin of the Three Wise Men, the customs associated with Twelfth Night and the special way in which this tradition is lived in Donostia-San Sebastián, a city that knows how to bring this magical holiday to life.
Part One: The Three Wise Men, Origin and Meaning
Biblical and Apocryphal Origin
The story of the Three Wise Men comes from the Gospel of Saint Matthew, where it is mentioned that some “wise men” from the East followed a star to Bethlehem to worship the newborn king of the Jews. Although it is not specified that there were three or that they were kings, later Christian tradition developed this narrative, linking the number of wise men to the three gifts they offered to the baby Jesus: gold, frankincense and myrrh. These offerings symbolize his royalty, his divinity and his human destiny of suffering, composing a universal message that transcends borders and cultures.
The interpretation of the magi as astrologers also comes from the Apocryphal Gospels, where they are described as wise men who read the celestial designs to predict important events. The star they followed, beyond a simple astronomical phenomenon, symbolizes a divine guide that marked the path to Jesus. This journey not only represents his devotion, but also the effort to connect the earthly with the heavenly.
The tale of the wise men has inspired generations, creating an aura of mystery and wisdom that surrounds them. In the collective imagination, they are not only bearers of gifts, but also ambassadors of peace and unity. The story of his journey has also led to numerous debates among theologians and historians about his true identity and the deeper meaning of his actions, adding more layers of interpretation to a narrative that has endured through the centuries.
Evolution of Tradition
During the Middle Ages, the Three Wise Men acquired the names Melchior, Gaspar and Baltasar, which became universal symbols of generosity and devotion. Its first artistic appearance with these names is found in a 6th century mosaic in the Basilica of Saint Apollinaris the New, in Ravenna, Italy. This mosaic, with its exquisite details and spiritual meaning, marked a milestone in the consolidation of its iconography in the Christian world. Over the centuries, his figure evolved until he was represented as that of three kings from different continents, symbolizing not only the universality of the Christian message, but also the unity and inclusion between diverse peoples and cultures.
In Spain, medieval literature also played a crucial role in cementing this tradition. He Car of the Three Wise Men, a play from the 12th century, is a fundamental testimony that not only highlights their role as bearers of the good news, but also illustrates the religious and cultural fervor of the time. This theatrical work, in addition to its literary importance, contributed to transmitting the message of the Three Wise Men through generations.
The adoration of the Kings also became a recurring theme in Renaissance and Baroque art. Artists of the stature of Hieronymus Bosch, Velázquez and Rubens immortalized the scene with a level of detail and emotion that still impacts today. These works, which adorn museums and private collections around the world, not only celebrate the biblical event, but also capture the cultural and spiritual richness of the period in which they were created. With each brushstroke, the artists sought to convey the reverence and awe that the Three Wise Men inspired, consolidating them as universal icons of Christmas.
Historical Curiosities
The Three Wise Men have been the subject of various popular beliefs that have enriched their legend over the centuries. In some regions of Europe, their initials (GBM) were written on the doors of houses as a way of protecting the inhabitants from evil and misfortune, a custom that reflected the deep belief in their ability to intercede in everyday matters. This gesture, simple but loaded with meaning, served to create an atmosphere of spiritual security in homes.
In addition, the Kings were attributed a special healing power: it was believed that speaking their names in the ear of a sick person could alleviate their suffering, which linked them not only to protection, but also to healing. This faith in their protective power reflected the deep respect and devotion they had, turning them into almost miraculous figures in the popular imagination.
In certain parts of Europe, the figures of the Three Wise Men also played a role in rituals intended to drive away demons and protect the home from evil influences. It was believed that having his representation in the house not only attracted blessings, but also offered a barrier against evil. Although this mystical tradition has evolved over time, its essence remains as part of the magic that surrounds these characters, who continue to be symbols of hope and faith in the context of Christmas celebrations.
Second Part: Twelfth Night and its Traditions
The January 5th Parade
The night before Three Kings Day is one of the most anticipated moments of the Christmas festivities. The parades, parades full of lights, music and magic, are celebrated throughout Spain as a prelude to the most special night of the year. In these processions, Melchior, Gaspar and Baltasar travel through the streets in majestic floats, accompanied by their entourage, handing out candy and collecting letters from the children. The parades are visual spectacles that not only fascinate the little ones, but also adults who remember their own childhood.
In some locations, the parades incorporate their own traditional elements, such as regional dances and theatrical performances. This turns each parade into a unique experience that highlights the cultural diversity of Spain.
Customs in Homes
In homes, the night of January 5 is lived with enthusiasm. Children carefully clean their shoes and place them on the balcony or next to the Christmas tree. According to tradition, the Three Wise Men leave sweets and gifts inside as a reward for good behavior. It is also common to leave water and bread for the camels, as well as a sweet gift or a glass of liquor for the Kings.
However, some children experience a certain fear of receiving coal instead of gifts, a tradition that reminds us of the importance of good behavior throughout the year. This “sweet coal”, although symbolic and made from sugar, acts as a gentle warning that is part of the charm of this magical night.
The ritual of preparing the home for the arrival of the Three Kings reinforces family ties, as parents and children collaborate in the preparations. The nightly wait is full of excitement, and many children try to stay awake to glimpse the arrival of Their Majesties.
The Roscón de Reyes
January 6 culminates with the tasting of the traditional Roscón de Reyes, a donut-shaped bun decorated with candied fruits. Inside are a figurine and a bean: whoever finds the figurine is crowned king or queen, while whoever finds the bean must pay for the roscón.
With the passage of time, the Roscón has evolved in its variants. Currently you can find it filled with cream, cream, chocolate and even vegan versions. Regardless of the version, the Roscón continues to be the finishing touch to a day full of joy and celebration.
Third Part: The Three Wise Men in Donostia-San Sebastián
History of the Celebration in the City
In Donostia-San Sebastián, the celebration of the Three Wise Men has a long tradition that dates back to the first parades organized in the 20th century. Over time, this event has become one of the most beloved festivities for San Sebastian families. The city, known for its charm and rich cultural tradition, brings a unique touch to this festival.
The Agenda of the Three Wise Men
On January 5, the Three Wise Men arrive in Donostia with a special event that marks the beginning of their day. The arrival of Their Majesties is traditionally held at Concha Beach o al Monte Igueldo, from where they descend on the iconic funicular to the funicular plaza, a place where they are enthusiastically received by children and adults who wait for them with great joy. Subsequently, they take a tour in classic vehicles through various neighborhoods of the city, including Riberas de Loiola, Txomin, Intxaurrondo and Altza, among other key points.
During the morning, the Kings also usually make a special visit to the Hospital to bring joy and hope to the children admitted, a gesture that reinforces the solidarity nature of this festival.
In the afternoon, starting at 3:30 p.m., the Kings receive the children in the Town Hall Plenary Room, where they are allowed to deliver their letters and express their wishes in person.
The Horseback Riding in Donostia
The highlight of the day is the Parade, which begins at 6:00 p.m. on the Boulevard. From there, the parade runs through some of the main streets of the city, including Avenida de la Libertad, Urbieta and the Plaza Gipuzkoa, offering a show full of magic and tradition. Every year, thousands of families gather along the route to enjoy the passage of the floats, creating an atmosphere of enthusiasm and excitement that envelops the entire city.
The main floats are five: three represent the Three Wise Men, one the birth of Jesus and another sponsored by local entities. In addition, various entertainment groups and music bands accompany the parade, making this parade an unforgettable experience for both residents and tourists. During the parade, thousands of candies are thrown, sparking friendly competition among attendees, especially children, who strive to collect as many as possible. The excitement and the “battle” for the candies become part of the charm of the Parade.
The parade usually closes with the local firefighters, who are considered the most animated at the event. Their truck stands out for the energy and enthusiasm with which they interact with the public, generously throwing candy and helping the night end on a note of joy and camaraderie.
Cultural and Tourist Impact
The Three Wise Men festival is not only a significant cultural event for the inhabitants of Donostia, but also a tourist attraction that attracts visitors from all over the region. The city dresses up to welcome Their Majesties, generating a positive impact on local commerce and consolidating tradition as a key element of its identity.
Tourism related to the Three Wise Men reinforces the role of Donostia as a destination that combines tradition and modernity. From the illuminated streets to parallel activities such as children’s workshops and Christmas markets, the city offers a complete experience that celebrates the magic of this date.
Conclusion
The celebration of the Three Wise Men is a tradition that combines history, faith and joy. In Donostia-San Sebastián, this festival takes on a unique character that reinforces the social and cultural fabric of the city. Keeping this tradition alive is a way to connect with our roots and transmit the magic of the Three Wise Men to future generations. With its rich history and focus on community, Donostia is positioned as a place where the tradition of the Three Wise Men flourishes in all its splendor.
